Sleep Consultant Course of Study

IMS304 Attachment Theory and Child Sleep

Syllabus

Course name: Attachment Theory and Child Sleep

Course code: IMS304

Course description

This course introduces students to attachment theory and its impact on infant and toddler sleep. Students will learn about the different attachment styles, including secure, avoidant, anxious, and disorganized attachment. The course also covers the ongoing debate on how genetics may play a role in attachment and the concept of earned secure attachment. 

The course also looks at separation anxiety - what it is, why it happens, and how it affects sleep. Students will learn how to recognize separation anxiety and help parents cope with it.

Course objectives

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

  • Understand the four main attachment styles: secure, avoidant, anxious, and disorganized.
  • Explain the debate around genetics and attachment.
  • Describe earned secure attachment and its significance.
  • Discuss how attachment parenting relates to infant sleep.
  • Recognize the signs of separation anxiety in infants and toddlers.
  • Explain how separation anxiety can affect a child’s sleep.
  • Provide strategies to help parents cope with separation anxiety.

Course content

  • Introduction to Attachment Theory
  • Attachment Styles
  • Secure Attachment Style
  • Avoidant Attachment Style
  • Anxious Attachment Style
  • Disorganized Attachment Style
  • The Genetics-Attachment Debat
  • Earned Secure Attachment
  • Attachment Parenting and Infant Sleep
  • Breaking the Myth of Perfect Parenting: Insights from Duke University
  • Introduction to Separation Anxiety
  • What facts do we know about separation anxiety?
  • What Makes The Child Have Separation Anxiety?
  • How Can You Tell If The Baby Has Separation Anxiety?
  • In What Situations Do Toddlers Experience Separation Anxiety? 
  • Why Does Separation Anxiety Affect The Child’s Sleep?
  • How to help children cope with separation anxiety 

Exercises:

  • 6 practice quizzes (not graded)

Assessment

  • 1 final test

Grading System:

Pass/Fail based on performance in the final test.

Prerequisites:

Students must have completed the following courses before enrolling in this course:

References:

Valérie Simard, Annie Bernier, Marie-Ève Bélanger, Julie Carrier, Infant Attachment and Toddlers’ Sleep Assessed by Maternal Reports and Actigraphy: Different Measurement Methods Yield Different Relations, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Volume 38, Issue 5, June 2013, Pages 473–483, [JPP]

Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 759–775. [APA]

Lovenheim, P. (2018). The attachment effect: Exploring the Powerful Ways Our Earliest Bond Shapes Our Relationships and Lives. Penguin. [Book]

Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. Published online October 1982:664-678. [APA]

Belsky J. Developmental origins of attachment styles. Attachment & Human Development. Published online September 2002:166-170. [Taylor&Francis]

Van der Horst FCP, LeRoy HA, van der Veer R. “When Strangers Meet”: John Bowlby and Harry Harlow on Attachment Behavior. Integr psych behav. Published online September 3, 2008:370-388. [Springer]

Bretherton I. The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental psychology. 1992;18(5):759. [APA]

Bowlby J, May DS, Solomon M. Attachment Theory.Lifespan Learning Institute; 1989.

Mikulincer M, Nachshon O. Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1991:321-331. [APA]

Madigan S, Moran G, Pederson DR. Unresolved states of mind, disorganized attachment relationships, and disrupted interactions of adolescent mothers and their infants. Developmental Psychology. Published online March 2006:293-304. [APA]

Bretherton I. Attachment Theory: Retrospect and Prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Published online 1985:3. [APA]

DeKlyen M, Greenberg MT. “Attachment and Psychopathology in Childhood.” Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. Vol 2. N/A; 2008. [APA]

Van Ijzendoorn MH, Schuengel C, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Disorganized attachment in early childhood: meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Dev Psychopathol. 1999 Spring;11(2):225-49. [PubMed]

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Shaver P, Hazan C. Being lonely, falling in love: Perspectives from attachment theory. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality. 1987;2(2):105–124.  [APA]

Levy KN, Blatt SJ, Shaver PR. Attachment styles and parental representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1998:407-419. [APA]

Griffin DW, Bartholomew K. Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online September 1994:430-445. [APA]

Cassidy J. Emotion Regulation: Influences of Attachment Relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Published online 1994:228. [jstor]

Cassidy J, Berlin LJ. The Insecure/Ambivalent Pattern of Attachment: Theory and Research. Child Development. Published online August 1994:971. [PubMed]

Main M, Kaplan N, Cassidy J. Security in Infancy, Childhood, and Adulthood: A Move to the Level of Representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Published online 1985:66. [jstor]

Isabella RA. Origins of Attachment: Maternal Interactive Behavior across the First Year. Child Development. Published online April 1993:605. [PubMed]

Mikulincer M, Florian V, Weller A. Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the Gulf War in Israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1993:817-826. [PubMed]

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Kobak RR, Sceery A. Attachment in Late Adolescence: Working Models, Affect Regulation, and Representations of Self and Others. Child Development. Published online February 1988:135. [jstor]

Collins NL, Read SJ. Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1990:644-663. [APA]

Mikulincer M, Florian V, Tolmacz R. Attachment styles and fear of personal death: A case study of affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1990:273-280. [APA]

Mikulincer M, Horesh N, Eilati I, Kotler M. The association between adult attachment style and mental health in extreme life-endangering conditions. Personality and Individual Differences. Published online November 1999:831-842. [ScienceDirect]

Ainsworth, M. D. et al (2015) Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. New York: Psychology Press. [Book]

Hesse E, Main M. Disorganized Infant, Child, and Adult Attachment: Collapse in Behavioral and Attentional Strategies. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. Published online August 2000:1097-1127. [Sage]

Benoit D. Infant-parent attachment: Definition, types, antecedents, measurement and outcome. Paediatrics & Child Health. Published online October 2004:541-545. [OxfordAcademic]

Anders TF. Infant sleep, nighttime relationships, and attachment. Psychiatry. 1994 Feb;57(1):11-21. [Taylor&Francis]

Main M, Hesse E. Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? In: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Mental Health and Development. Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention. University of Chicago Press; 1990:161-182. [APA]

McNamara, P., Belsky, J., & Fearon, P. (2003). Infant sleep disorders and attachment: Sleep problems in infants with insecure-resistant versus insecure-avoidant attachments to mother. Sleep and Hypnosis, 5, 17-26. [ResearchGate]

Schuengel C, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IJzendoorn MH. Frightening maternal behavior linking unresolved loss and disorganized infant attachment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Published online 1999:54-63. [APA]

Hertsgaard L, Gunnar M, Erickson MF, Nachmias M. Adrenocortical Responses to the Strange Situation in Infants with Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment Relationships. Child Development. Published online August 1995:1100. [jstor]

Spangler G, Grossman K. Individual and physiological correlates of attachment disorganization in infancy. Attachment disorganization. Published online 1999. [APA]

Lyons-Ruth K. Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: the role of disorganized early attachment patterns. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64(1):64-73. [APA]

Liotti G. Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. Published online 2004:472-486. [APA]

Roisman GI, Padron E, Sroufe LA, Egeland B. Earned-Secure Attachment Status in Retrospect and Prospect. Child Development. Published online July 2002:1204-1219. [Wiley]

Saunders R, Jacobvitz D, Zaccagnino M, Beverung LM, Hazen N. Pathways to earned-security: The role of alternative support figures. Attachment & Human Development. Published online July 2011:403-420. [Taylor&Francis]

Howe, David (2011) Attachment across the lifecourse: a brief introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Valérie Simard, PhD, Annie Bernier, PhD, Marie-Ève Bélanger, BSc, Julie Carrier, PhD, Infant Attachment and Toddlers’ Sleep Assessed by Maternal Reports and Actigraphy: Different Measurement Methods Yield Different Relations, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Volume 38, Issue 5, June 2013 [JPP]

Morrell, J., & Steele, H. (2003). The role of attachment security, temperament, maternal perception, and care‐giving behavior in persistent infant sleeping problems. Infant Mental Health Journal, 24(5), 447–468. [Wiley]

Anders TF. Infant sleep, nighttime relationships, and attachment. Psychiatry. 1994 Feb;57(1):11-21. [PubMed]

Scher A. Attachment and sleep: a study of night waking in 12-month-old infants. Dev Psychobiol. 2001 May;38(4):274-85. [PubMed]

Robillard D. Separation anxiety in infants. AARN News Lett. 1994 Sep;50(8):16-7. PMID: 7976135.[PubMed]

Blandin N, Parquet PJ, Bailly D. L'angoisse de séparation. Au fil des théories [Separation anxiety. Theoretical considerations]. Encephale. 1994 Mar-Apr;20(2):121-9. French. PMID: 8050378.[PubMed]

Dallaire, D. H., & Weinraub, M. (2005). Predicting children’s separation anxiety at age 6: The contributions of infant–mother attachment security, maternal sensitivity, and maternal separation anxiety. Attachment & Human Development, 7(4), 393–408. [Taylor&Francis]

Benson, J. B., & Haith, M. M. (Eds.). (2009). Diseases and Disorders in infancy and Early Childhood. Academic Press.

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Loranger N. Play intervention strategies for the Hispanic toddler with separation anxiety. Pediatr Nurs. 1992 Nov-Dec;18(6):571-5. PMID: 1470489. [PubMed]

Kelmanson, I. A. (2011). Separation anxiety and bedtime resistance in eight-month-old infants. Early Child Development and Care, 182(11), 1455–1464. [Taylor&Francis]

Eisen, A. R., & Schaefer, C. E. (2007). Separation anxiety in children and adolescents: An Individualized Approach to Assessment and Treatment. Guilford Press.

Eisen, A. R., Engler, L. B., & Sparrow, J. D. (2006). Helping your child overcome separation anxiety or school refusal: A Step-by-step Guide for Parents. New Harbinger  Publications.