Sleep Consultant Course of Study - International Institute of Infant Sleep

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Sleep Consultant Course of Study – Advanced Program Curriculum

IMS511 Science of Sleep

In this course, students learn about the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness, how sleep is regulated by the body, and the role circadian rhythms play in sleep and health. The course covers children’s sleep patterns, how sleep changes with age, and the different needs of newborns, infants, toddlers, and young children. Additionally, the course covers the nature of dreams, and the importance of encouraging healthy sleep habits in children.

This course introduces the fundamental concepts related to the neurobiology of sleep. The neuroscience of sleep is a highly complex subject! Scientists dedicate years to studying how the brain works!

The course only covers important topics that are needed to understand children’s sleep patterns. This fundamental knowledge helps sleep consultants answer some of the common questions parents have. This course offers clear and simple explanations that can be used in practical situations. Students will be able to explain why babies wake often and how to support healthy sleep habits in children of different ages.

Course content:

Neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness
Sleep-wake regulation
Circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep and health
An in-depth look into children’s sleep
How sleep patterns change with age
Newborns and Infants Sleep
Toddlers sleep
Young children sleep
Pubertal development and sleep
Sleep and dreams
Why should we encourage healthy sleep habits?
4 practice quizzes (not graded)
2 practical exercises (not graded)

Assessment

1 final test
2 case study exams

References:

Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P. (2010). The neuroscience of sleep. Academic Press.

Epstein, L., & Mardon, S. (2007). The Harvard Medical School Guide to a Good Night’s Sleep. McGraw Hill Professional.

Hobson, J. A. (2005). Dreaming: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, USA.

Salzarulo, P., & Ficca, G. (2002). Awakening and sleep-wake cycle across development. John Benjamins Publishing.

Acebo C, Millman RP, Rosenberg C, Cavallo A, Carskadon MA. 1996. Sleep, breathing, and cephalometrics in older children and young adults. Part I: Normative values. Chest 109(3):664–672. DOI: 10.1378/chest.109.3.664 [PubMed]

Navelet, Y., Benoit, O., & Bouard, G. (1982). Nocturnal sleep organization during the first months of life. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 54(1), 71–78. [ScienceDirect]

María Corsi-Cabrera, Lourdes Cubero-Rego, Josefina Ricardo-Garcell, Thalia Harmony, Week-by-week changes in sleep EEG in healthy full-term newborns, Sleep, Volume 43, Issue 4, April 2020, zsz261, [OxfordAcademic]

Adair RH, Bauchner H. 1993. Sleep problems in childhood. Current Problems in Pediatrics 23(4):142,147–170. DOI: 10.1016/0045-9380(93)90011-z [PubMed]

Ancoli-Israel S. 2005. Normal human sleep at different ages: Sleep in older adults. In: Sleep Research Society, eds. SRS Basics of Sleep Guide. Westchester, IL: Sleep Research Society. Pp. 21–26. [ResearchGate]

Beltramini AU, Hertzig ME. 1983. Sleep and bedtime behavior in preschool-aged children. Pediatrics 71(2):153–158. [PubMed]

Bixler EO, Kales A, Jacoby JA, Soldatos CR, Vela-Bueno A. 1984. Nocturnal sleep and wakefulness: Effects of age and sex in normal sleepers. International Journal of Neuroscience 23(1):33–42. DOI: 10.3109/00207458408985343 [PubMed]

MIRMIRAN, M., Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, M., 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, SOMEREN, E., & Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, M., 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (1993). The importance of REM sleep for brain maturation. Journal of Sleep Research, 2(4), 188–192. [Wiley]

Carskadon M, Dement W. 2005. Normal human sleep: An overview. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. Pp. 13–23. [ResearchGate]

Carskadon MA, Rechtschaffen A. 2005. Monitoring and staging human sleep. In: Kryger MH, Roth TT, Dement WC, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. Pp. 1359–1377. [ResearchGate]

Crick F, Mitchison G. 1983. The function of dream sleep. Nature 304(5922):111–114. Davis KF, Parker KP, Montgomery GL. 2004. Sleep in infants and young children: Part one: Normal sleep. Journal of Pediatric Health Care 18(2):65–71. [PubMed]

Sun, W., Li, S.X., Wang, G. et al. Association of Sleep and Circadian Activity Rhythm with Emotional Face Processing among 12-month-old Infants. Sci Rep 8, 3200 (2018). [Nature]

Coons, S., Guilleminault, C. (1984). Development of consolidated sleep and wakeful periods in relation to the day/night cycle in infancy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 26(2), 169–176.[Wiley]

Dement T, Kleitman N. 1957b. The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 53(5):339–346. [PubMed]

Dijk, D. J., Duffy, J. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (2000). CONTRIBUTION OF CIRCADIAN PHYSIOLOGY AND SLEEP HOMEOSTASIS TO AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN HUMAN SLEEP. Chronobiology International, 17(3), 285–311. [Taylor & Francis]

Floras JS, Jones JV, Johnston JA, Brooks DE, Hassan MO, Sleight P. 1978. Arousal and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine Supplement. 55(4):395s–397s. [PubMed]

Tham EK, Schneider N, Broekman BF. Infant sleep and its relation with cognition and growth: a narrative review. Nat Sci Sleep. 2017 May 15;9:135-149. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S125992. PMID: 28553151; PMCID: PMC5440010. [PubMed]

Giannotti F, Cortesi F, Sebastiani T, Ottaviano S. 2002. Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence. Journal of Sleep Research 11(3):191–199. [PubMed]

Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D’Ambrosio C, Hall WA, Kotagal S, Lloyd RM, Malow BA, Maski K, Nichols C, Quan SF, Rosen CL, Troester MM, Wise MS. Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for Healthy Children: Methodology and Discussion. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016 Nov 15;12(11):1549-1561. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.6288. PMID: 27707447; PMCID: PMC5078711. [PubMed]

Jenni OG, Carskadon MA. 2000. Normal human sleep at different ages: Infants to adolescents. In: Sleep Research Society, eds. SRS Basics of Sleep Guide. Westchester, IL: Sleep. Research Society. Pp. 11–19. [ResearchGate]

Jenni OG, O’Connor BB. 2005. Children’s sleep: An interplay between culture and biology. Pediatrics 115(1 Suppl):204–216. [PubMed]

Jones BE. 2005. Basic mechanisms of sleep-wake states. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. Pp. 136–153. [ResearchGate]

Freudigman KA, Thoman EB. Infants’ earliest sleep/wake organization differs as a function of delivery mode. Dev Psychobiol. 1998 May;32(4):293-303. PMID: 9589218. [PubMed]

Harper RM, Leake B, Miyahara L, Mason J, Hoppenbrouwers T, Sterman MB, Hodgman J. Temporal sequencing in sleep and waking states during the first 6 months of life. Exp Neurol. 1981 May;72(2):294-307. [ScienceDirect]

Tikotzky L, DE Marcas G, Har-Toov J, Dollberg S, Bar-Haim Y, Sadeh A. Sleep and physical growth in infants during the first 6 months. J Sleep Res. 2010 Mar;19(1 Pt 1):103-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00772.x. Epub 2009 Oct 14. [PubMed]

Karacan IH, Agnew H, Williams RL, Webb W, Ross J. 1968. Characteristics of sleep patterns during late pregnancy and postpartum periods. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 297(6656):1101–1102 [ScienceDirect]

Sheldon SH. 2002. Sleep in infants and children. In: Lee-Choing TK, Sateia MJ, Carskadon MA, eds. Sleep Medicine. Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus. Pp. 99–103. [Wiley]

Szymusiak, R. (2009). Thermoregulation during Sleep and Sleep Deprivation. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 971–975). [ScienceDirect]

Fan Y, Wang Y, Gu P, Han J, Tian Y. How Temperature Influences Sleep. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(20):12191. [MDPI]

Fukuda, K., & Ishihara, K. (1997). Development of Human Sleep and Wakefulness Rhythm During the First Six Months of Life: Discontinuous Changes at the 7th and 12th Week after Birth. Biological Rhythm Research, 28(sup1), 94–103. [Taylor & Francis]

Horváth K, Hannon B, Ujma PP, Gombos F, Plunkett K. Memory in 3-month-old infants benefits from a short nap. Dev Sci. 2018 May;21(3):e12587. doi: 10.1111/desc.12587. Epub 2017 Jul 18. PMID: 28722249. [PubMed]

Carroll DA, Denenberg VH, Thoman EB. A comparative study of quiet sleep, active sleep, and waking on the first 2 days of life. Dev Psychobiol. 1999 Jul;35(1):43-8. PMID: 10397895. [PubMed]

Dan B, Boyd SG. A neurophysiological perspective on sleep and its maturation. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006 Sep;48(9):773-9. doi: 10.1017/S0012162206001654. PMID: 16904027. [Wiley]

Ellingson RJ, Peters JF. Development of EEG and daytime sleep patterns in normal full-term infant during the first 3 months of life: longitudinal observations. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1980 Jul;49(1-2):112-24. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(80)90357-0. PMID: 6159152. [ScienceDirect]

Fagioli I, Salzarulo P. Sleep states development in the first year of life assessed through 24-h recordings. Early Hum Dev. 1982 Apr;6(2):215-28. doi: 10.1016/0378-3782(82)90109-8. PMID: 7094858. [PubMed]

Giganti, F., Fagioli, I., Ficca, G., & Salzarulo, P. (2001). Polygraphic investigation of 24 h waking distribution in infants. Physiology & Behavior, 73(4), 621–624. [ScienceDirect]

Fattinger S, Jenni OG, Schmitt B, Achermann P, Huber R. Overnight changes in the slope of sleep slow waves during infancy. Sleep. 2014 Feb 1;37(2):245-53. doi: 10.5665/sleep.3390. PMID: 24497653; PMCID: PMC3900623. [PubMed]

Hoppenbrouwers T, Hodgman J, Arakawa K, Geidel SA, Sterman MB. Sleep and waking states in infancy: normative studies. Sleep. 1988 Aug;11(4):387-401. doi: 10.1093/sleep/11.4.387. PMID: 3206057. [PubMed]

Jenni OG, Borbély AA, Achermann P. Development of the nocturnal sleep electroencephalogram in human infants. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Mar;286(3):R528-38. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00503.2003. Epub 2003 Nov 20. PMID: 14630625. [PubMed]

Korotchikova I, Connolly S, Ryan CA, Murray DM, Temko A, Greene BR, Boylan GB. EEG in the healthy term newborn within 12 hours of birth. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009 Jun;120(6):1046-53. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.03.015. Epub 2009 May 8. PMID: 19427811. [PubMed]

Korotchikova I, Stevenson NJ, Livingstone V, Ryan CA, Boylan GB. Sleep-wake cycle of the healthy term newborn infant in the immediate postnatal period. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Apr;127(4):2095-101. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.12.015. Epub 2015 Dec 22. PMID: 26790580. [PubMed]

Louis J, Zhang JX, Revol M, Debilly G, Challamel MJ. Ontogenesis of nocturnal organization of sleep spindles: a longitudinal study during the first 6 months of life. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1992 Nov;83(5):289-96. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(92)90088-y. PMID: 1385085. [PubMed]

Wielek T, Del Giudice R, Lang A, Wislowska M, Ott P, Schabus M. On the development of sleep states in the first weeks of life. PLoS One. 2019 Oct 29;14(10):e0224521. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224521. PMID: 31661522; PMCID: PMC6818777. [PubMed]

Zhou, Y., Aris, I. M., Tan, S. S., Cai, S., Tint, M. T., Krishnaswamy, G., Meaney, M. J., Godfrey, K. M., Kwek, K., Gluckman, P. D., Chong, Y. S., Yap, F., Lek, N., Gooley, J. J., & Lee, Y. S. (2015). Sleep duration and growth outcomes across the first two years of life in the GUSTO study. Sleep Medicine, 16(10), 1281–1286. [ScienceDirect]

Mindell, J. A., Leichman, E. S., DuMond, C., & Sadeh, A. (2016). Sleep and Social-Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(2), 236–246. [Taylor & Francis]

IMS101 Introduction to Pediatric Sleep Consulting

This course introduces students to the key roles and responsibilities of a child sleep consultant. It covers what consultants do, the limits of their professional competency, and how they can help families who have healthy children with sleep issues. Students will also learn the skills and qualifications needed to succeed in this field, with a focus on building positive relationships with parents. Topics include effective communication, trust-building, respecting cultural diversity, and understanding what parents look for when hiring a consultant. The course also addresses the ethical standards and guidelines that sleep consultants must follow.

Course content:

The Role of the Sleep Consultant
Limits of Professional Competency
What Are Some of the Ways That Pediatric Sleep Consultants Can Help Families?
Pediatric Sleep Consultant Skills & Qualifications
The Importance of Tuning In: Building Positive Relationships with Parents
Communication from the Heart
Building Trust and Understanding
Touch as a way to communicate
Respecting Cultural Diversity
What Do Parents Consider Before Hiring a Pediatric Sleep Consultant?
Code of Ethics

Exercises:

1 practical exercise (not graded)
4 practice quizzes (not graded)

Course objectives:

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

Understand the role and responsibilities of a child sleep consultant.
Identify the professional boundaries and limits of competency in sleep consulting.
Recognize how sleep consultants can help families in solving common sleep issues.
Develop skills in communication and relationship-building with parents.
Understand the importance of listening and responding thoughtfully to parents’ concerns.
Build trust with families through clear and compassionate communication.
Acknowledge and respect cultural differences in sleep practices and family dynamics.
Understand the ethical principles that guide sleep consultants.

Assessment

1 final test

References:

Maxwell, J. C. (2010). Everyone communicates, few connect: What the Most Effective People Do Differently. HarperCollins Leadership.

Rosenberg, M. B., & Chopra, D. (2015). Nonviolent communication: a language of life: Life-Changing Tools for Healthy Relationships. PuddleDancer Press.

Goleman, B. (2019). Emotional intelligence: For a Better Life, Success at Work, and Happier Relationships. Improve Your Social Skills, Emotional Agility and Discover Why it Can Matter More Than IQ. (EQ 2.0). Independently Published.

Sullivan, J. (2016). Simply said: Communicating Better at Work and Beyond. John Wiley & Sons.

Covey, S. R. (2004). The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change. Simon and Schuster.

Covey, S. R., & Merrill, R. R. (2008). The SPEED of trust: The One Thing That Changes Everything. Simon and Schuster.

Zhang, N., & Howard-Hamilton, M. F. (2019). Multicultural and diversity issues in student affairs practice: A Professional Competency-Based Approach. Charles C Thomas Publisher.

Hogan, M. (2012). The four skills of Cultural Diversity Competence. Cengage Learning.

Howard, R. A., & Korver, C. D. (2008). Ethics for the real world: Creating a Personal Code to Guide Decisions in Work and Life. Harvard Business Press.

Maxwell, J. C. (2008). Ethics 101: What Every Leader Needs To Know. Hachette UK.

Boyatzis, R., Smith, M. L., & Van Oosten, E. (2019). Helping people change: Coaching with Compassion for Lifelong Learning and Growth. Harvard Business School Press.

IMS421 Safe Infant Sleep

This course focuses on raising awareness about Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and how to prevent it. Students will learn about the safe sleep recommendations and the factors that influence parents’ sleep choices for their babies. The course covers effective ways to have conversations with parents about SIDS, helping them make informed decisions. It also addresses safe co-sleeping practices for families who choose to co-sleep, including bed-sharing and breastfeeding. Special attention is given to safe sleep for twins and creating safe co-bedding arrangements.

Course objectives:

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

Understand the key risk factors and preventive measures related to SIDS
Explain the safe sleep recommendations for infants
Recognize the factors that influence parents’ sleep choices
Communicate effectively with parents about SIDS and safe sleep practices
Provide guidance to parents who choose to co-sleep with their babies
Provide advice on safe sleep practices for twins

Course content:

In this course, students learn about:

SIDS awareness and prevention
Safe sleep recommendations
Factors influencing sleep choices
Techniques for having effective conversations about SIDS with parents that can help offset potential issues
Safe co-sleeping with babies. Supporting parents who believe that co-sleeping is the right choice for them
Breastfeeding and bed-sharing
Safe sleep for twins
Safe co-bedding arrangements
1 practical exercise (not graded)
5 practice quizzes (not graded)

Assessment:

1 final test

References:

Thach BT, Rutherford GW Jr, Harris K. Deaths and injuries attributed to infant crib bumper pads. J Pediatr. 2007;151(3):271–274, 274.e1–274.e3 [PubMed]

Scheers NJ, Woodard DW, Thach BT. Crib bumpers continue to cause infant deaths: a need for a new preventive approach. J Pediatr. 2016;169:93–97, e91 [PubMed]

Winter-Feldman L, Golsmith JP; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Safe sleep and skin-to-skin care in the neonatal period for healthy term newborns. Pediatrics. 2016;138(3):e20161889 [PubMed]

Carolan PL, Wheeler WB, Ross JD, Kemp RJ. Potential to prevent carbon dioxide rebreathing of commercial products marketed to reduce sudden infant death syndrome risk. Pediatrics. 2000 Apr;105(4 Pt 1):774-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.105.4.774. PMID: 10742319. [PubMed]

Willinger M, James LS, Catz C. Defining the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): deliberations of an expert panel convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatr Pathol. 1991;11(5):677–684 [Taylor&Francis]

Kanetake J, Aoki Y, Funayama M. Evaluation of rebreathing potential on bedding for infant use. Pediatr Int. 2003;45(3):284–289 [PubMed]

Patel AL, Harris K, Thach BT. Inspired CO(2) and O(2) in sleeping infants rebreathing from bedding: relevance for sudden infant death syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001;91(6):2537–2545 [PubMed]

Wilson CA, Taylor BJ, Laing RM, Williams SM, Mitchell EA. Clothing and bedding and its relevance to sudden infant death syndrome: further results from the New Zealand Cot Death Study. J Paediatr Child Health. 1994;30(6):506–512 [Wiley]

Malloy MH. Trends in postneonatal aspiration deaths and reclassification of sudden infant death syndrome: impact of the “Back to Sleep” program. Pediatrics. 2002;109(4):661–665 [PubMed]

Sowter B, Doyle LW, Morley CJ, Altmann A, Halliday J. Is sudden infant death syndrome still more common in very low birthweight infants in the 1990s? Med J Aust. 1999;171(8):411–413 [PubMed]

Hauck FR, Herman SM, Donovan M, et al. Sleep environment and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in an urban population: the Chicago Infant Mortality Study. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5 pt 2):1207–1214 [PubMed]

Ostfeld BM, Perl H, Esposito L, et al. Sleep environment, positional, lifestyle, and demographic characteristics associated with bed sharing in sudden infant death syndrome cases: a population-based study. Pediatrics. 2006;118(5):2051–2059 [AAP]

Malloy MH, Hoffman HJ. Prematurity, sudden infant death syndrome, and age of death. Pediatrics. 1995;96(3 pt 1):464–471 [PubMed]

Blair PS, Fleming PJ, Smith IJ, et al; CESDI SUDI Research Group. Babies sleeping with parents: case-control study of factors influencing the risk of the sudden infant death syndrome. BMJ. 1999;319(7223):1457–1461 [PubMed]

Carpenter RG, Irgens LM, Blair PS, et al. Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study. Lancet. 2004;363(9404):185–191 [PubMed]

Kemp JS, Nelson VE, Thach BT. Physical properties of bedding that may increase risk of sudden infant death syndrome in prone-sleeping infants. Pediatr Res. 1994;36(1 pt 1):7–11 [PubMed]

Kornhauser Cerar L, Scirica CV, Stucin Gantar I, Osredkar D, Neubauer D, Kinane TB. A comparison of respiratory patterns in healthy term infants placed in car safety seats and beds. Pediatrics. 2009 Sep;124(3):e396-402. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-0160. Epub 2009 Aug 24. PMID: 19706572. [PubMed]

Scheers NJ, Rutherford GW, Kemp JS. Where should infants sleep? A comparison of risk for suffocation of infants sleeping in cribs, adult beds, and other sleeping locations. Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):883–889 [PubMed]

Hauck FR, Thompson JM, Tanabe KO, Moon RY, Vennemann MM. Breastfeeding and reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2011;128(1):103–110. [PubMed]

Vennemann MM, Bajanowski T, Brinkmann B, et al; GeSID Study Group. Does breastfeeding reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome? Pediatrics. 2009;123(3). [PubMed]

Tomashek KM, Wallman C; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Cobedding twins and higher-order multiples in a hospital setting. Pediatrics. 2007;120(6):1359–1366. [AAP]

Rechtman LR, Colvin JD, Blair PS, Moon RY. Sofas and infant mortality. Pediatrics. 2014;134(5). [AAP]

McGarvey C, McDonnell M, Hamilton K, O’Regan M, Matthews T. An 8 year study of risk factors for SIDS: bed-sharing versus non-bed-sharing. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(4):318–323. [BMJ]

Carpenter R, McGarvey C, Mitchell EA, et al. Bed sharing when parents do not smoke: is there a risk of SIDS? An individual level analysis of five major case-control studies. BMJ Open. 2013;3(5):e002299. [BMJ]

Blair PS, Sidebotham P, Evason-Coombe C, Edmonds M, Heckstall-Smith EM, Fleming P. Hazardous cosleeping environments and risk factors amenable to change: case-control study of SIDS in south west England. BMJ. 2009;339:b3666 [BMJ]

Blair PS, Sidebotham P, Pease A, Fleming PJ. Bed-sharing in the absence of hazardous circumstances: is there a risk of sudden infant death syndrome? An analysis from two case-control studies conducted in the UK. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107799 [NIH]

Farber HJ, Groner J, Walley S, Nelson K; SECTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL. Protecting Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke. Pediatrics. 2015 Nov;136(5):e1439-67. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-3110. PMID: 26504135. [AAP]

Ponsonby A-L, Dwyer T, Gibbons LE, Cochrane JA, Jones ME, McCall MJ. Thermal environment and sudden infant death syndrome: case-control study. BMJ. 1992;304(6822):277–282 [BMJ]

McDonnell E, Moon RY. Infant deaths and injuries associated with wearable blankets, swaddle wraps, and swaddling. J Pediatr. 2014;164(5):1152–1156 [NIH]

Blair, P.S., Heron, J., Fleming, P.H 2010, Relationship between bed sharing and breastfeeding: Longitudinal, population-based analysis. Pediatrics 126(5): e1119-e1126. [PubMed]

Rigda RS, McMillen IC, Buckley P 2000, Bed sharing patterns in a cohort of Australian infants during the first six months after birth, J. Paediatr Child Health 36: 117-121. [PubMed]

Young, J 1999, Night-time behaviour and interactions between mothers and their infants of low risk for SIDS: a longitudinal study of room-sharing and bed sharing, PhD thesis: Institute of Child Health,University of Bristol. [University of Bristol]

Ball HL, Hooker E, Kelly PJ 2000, Parent-infant co-sleeping: Fathers’ roles and perspectives. Inf. Child Dev 9: 67-74. [Wiley]

McCoy, R.C., Hunt, C.E., Lesko, S.M., Vezina, R., Corwin, M.J., Willinger, M., Hoffman, H.J., Mitchell, A.A 2004, Frequency of bed sharing and its relationship to breastfeeding Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004, 25(3),141-114. [PubMed]

Baddock, S.A., Galland, B.C., Taylor, B.J., Bolton, D.P.G 2007, Sleep arrangements and behavior of bed-sharing families in the home setting Pediatrics. 119(1),e200-e207. [PubMed]

Mosko, S., Richard, C., McKenna, J 1997, Maternal sleep and arousals during bedsharing with infants. Sleep. 20(2),142-150. [PubMed]

McKenna, J.J., McDade, T 2005, Why babies should never sleep alone: a review of the co-sleeping controversy in relation to SIDS, bedsharing and breast feeding Paediatr Respir Rev. 2005, 6(2),134-52. [PubMed]

Horne, R.S., Parslow, P.M., Harding, R 2004, Respiratory control and arousal in sleeping infants Paediatr Respir Rev. 5(3),190-198. [PubMed]

Baddock, S.A., Galland, B.C., Bolton, D.P., Williams, S.M., Taylor, B.J 2006, Differences in infant and parent behaviors during routine bed sharing compared with cot sleeping in the home setting Pediatrics. 117(5),599-1607. [PubMed]

McKenna JJ, Ball HL, Gettler LT. Mother-infant cosleeping, breastfeeding and sudden infant death syndrome: what biological anthropology has discovered about normal infant sleep and pediatric sleep medicine. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2007;(Suppl 45):133-161. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20736 [Wiley]

IMS425 Infant Sleep from Birth to 4 Months

Syllabus

Course name: Infant Sleep from Birth to 4 Months

Course code: IMS425

Course description

This course introduces the basics of infant sleep and covers common challenges parents have during the first few months. Students will learn about newborn sleep patterns, such as short naps and night waking, and how these are influenced by sleep associations and breastfeeding. The course also focuses on gentle methods to help babies sleep better, alternatives to traditional sleep training, and techniques to establish a consistent bedtime routine. Additionally, it covers the importance of helping infants distinguish between day and night, recognizing when a baby is tired, and understanding the concept of “sleep regression.” Students will also learn how to create a comfortable sleep environment for babies and recognize normal baby sleep sounds.

Course objectives

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

Understand newborn sleep patterns, including short naps and night waking.
Discuss how breastfeeding can affect sleep patterns in babies.
Offer gentle alternatives to traditional sleep training methods.
Guide parents in creating an effective bedtime routine for infants.
Help parents teach babies to distinguish between day and night.
Recognize signs of tiredness in babies and suggest ways to respond.
Identify the symptoms of the “4-month sleep regression” and know how to handle it.
Explain common sleep associations and how they affect a baby’s sleep habits.
Provide advice on making babies comfortable for sleep.
Recognize and understand the normal sounds babies make while sleeping.

Course content

Introduction to Infant Sleep
Newborn’s Short Naps
Newborn’s Night Waking
How to Help Infants Distinguish Day From Night
How to Wake a Sleeping Baby in a Gentle Manner?
Bedtime Routine for Infants
Signs of Tiredness
Falling Asleep in Different Ways
Baby Sleep From 3 to 4 Months
What Are Sleep Associations?
Types of Sleep Associations
The Birth of the Term “Sleep Regression”
What Is the Reason Behind the So-Called “4-Month Sleep Regression”?
What Symptoms Are Associated With the 4-Month Sleep Regression?
Do All Infants Experience the “4-Month Sleep Regression”?
How Can We Avoid or Reduce the Impact of the “4-Month Sleep Regression”?
The Most Common Sleep Associations
How to Make Babies Comfortable for Sleep?
Learn to Recognize Sleeping Sounds

Exercises:

5 practical exercise (not graded)
6 practice quizzes (not graded)

Prerequisites

Students must have completed the following courses before enrolling in this course:

References:

Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P. (2010). The neuroscience of sleep. Academic Press.

Barbeau DY, Weiss MD. Sleep Disturbances in Newborns. Children (Basel). 2017 Oct 20;4(10):90. doi: 10.3390/children4100090. PMID: 29053622; PMCID: PMC5664020. [MDPI]

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IMS511 Infant Sleep 5-12 months

This course covers baby sleep patterns and challenges during the period from 5 to 12 months. Students will learn how to create a sleep diary and how it can help them improve the child’s sleep. The course also explains the difference between sleep-wake rhythms and a structured sleep schedule, and how awake windows can help parents develop healthy sleep habits for their children. Other topics include bedtime routines, managing frequent night wakings, and handling short naps and early morning wake-ups. The course will also cover when to change a baby’s sleep routine and how to navigate nap transitions from 3 to 2 naps. Additionally, students will learn how to help babies fall asleep without using formal sleep training methods, as well as how to introduce a comfort object. Finally, the course discusses transitioning from co-sleeping to a separate bed and promoting healthy sleep for families with twins.

Course objectives

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

Understand baby sleep patterns from 5 to 8 months and 9 to 12 months.
Teach parents how to create a sleep diary.
Identify when and how to adjust a baby’s sleep routine.
Explain the difference between sleep-wake rhythms and a structured sleep schedule.
Use awake windows to help create a healthy sleep-wake rhythm for babies.
Guide parents on establishing effective bedtime routines for this age.
Provide advice on handling frequent night wakings, short naps, and early morning wake-ups.
Explain nap transitions, specifically moving from 3 to 2 naps.
Offer gentle methods for helping babies fall asleep without using sleep training techniques.
Teach parents how to introduce a comfort object to their baby.
Advise families on transitioning a baby from co-sleeping to a separate bed.
Discuss strategies for healthy sleep in families with twins.

Course content

Unit 1: Infant Sleep – 5 to 12 months

Introduction to Baby Sleep 5 to 8 Months
Introduction to Baby Sleep 9 to 12 Months
Naps
How to Create a Sleep Diary

Unit 2: Health Sleep-Wake Rhythm

Wake Windows
What Is the Difference Between Wake Windows and a Schedule?
How Much Sleep Does the Baby Need?
How Can You Know if the Baby Requires Little Sleep?
Symptoms of Overtiredness
When to Change the Sleep Routine?

Unit 3: Solving Infant Sleep Problems

Teach the Baby to Fall Asleep Without Using Sleep Training Methods
What Is the Easiest Way for Parents to Introduce a Comfort Object to the Baby?
Using “Special Words” as a Sleep Sign
Bedtime Routine
Short Naps
Early Morning Wake-Ups
Transition From 3 to 2 Naps
From Cosleeping to a Separate Bed
Healthy Sleep for Families With Twins

Assessment:

8 practice quizzes (not graded)
6 practical exercises (not graded)
1 final test
4 case study exams

Prerequisites:

Students must have completed the following courses before enrolling in this course:

References:

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IMS739 Solving Toddler and Preschooler Sleep Problems

This course introduces students to the unique sleep needs of toddlers and preschoolers. It covers how a lack of sleep can affect toddlers and how to create a healthy sleep schedule for them. Students will learn how to tell if a child’s bedtime is too late, how to figure out the best time for naps and bedtime, and how to create a suitable bedtime routine. The course also includes steps for transitioning from two naps to one, handling night waking, teaching a child to sleep in their own bed, and what to do when a child resists bedtime or refuses to nap.

Course objectives

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

Explain the basics of sleep for toddlers and preschoolers.
Describe how lack of sleep can affect a toddler’s mood and behavior.
Help parents establish a healthy sleep schedule for their children.
Identify when a toddler’s bedtime is too late and how to set an appropriate bedtime.
Determine the best time for naps.
Guide parents on creating a bedtime routine for toddlers and preschoolers.
Recognize signs that a toddler is ready to move from two naps to one and explain the steps to make this change.
Offer advice on reducing night waking and helping toddlers stay in their own bed.
Give practical advice on managing co-sleeping and breastfeeding while maintaining healthy sleep habits.
Determine how long naps should be and suggest ways to handle nap refusal.
Understand common reasons behind bedtime resistance and offer solutions to parents.

Course content

Unit 1

Introduction to Toddler and Preschooler Sleep
How Lack of Sleep Can Affect Toddlers
Creating Healthy Sleep-Wake Rhythms for Toddlers
How Do You Know if the Toddler’s Bedtime Is Too Late?
How to Determine the Ideal Bedtime?
How to Find the Best Time for a Child to Take a Nap?
Is a Sleep Schedule Really Necessary?
How to Create a Good Bedtime Routine for Toddlers and Preschoolers?
How Can a Child Smoothly Transition From Two Naps to One?
Signs the Child Is Ready for the Transition From Two Naps to One
Step-By-Step Guide for the Transition From Two Naps to One

Unit 2:

How to End the Toddler’s Night Waking?
How to Teach a Child to Sleep in Her Bed?
Sleeping Through the Night When Breastfeeding and Co-sleeping
How Long Is the Optimal Length for a Nap?
What Should Parents Do if Their Child Needs a Nap but Will Not Sleep?
Bedtime Resistance

Assessment:

5 practice quizzes (not graded)
3 practical exercises (not graded)
1 final test
3 case study exams

Prerequisites:

Students must have completed the following courses before enrolling in this course:

References:

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Teng, A., Bartle, A., Sadeh, A. and Mindell, J. (2012), Infant and toddler sleep in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 48: 268-273. [Wiley]

Pantley, E., 2009. The No-Cry Nap Solution: Guaranteed Gentle Ways to Solve All Your Naptime Problems: Guaranteed, Gentle Ways to Solve All Your Naptime Problems. McGraw Hill Professional.

Mindell, J. and Owens, J., 2009. A clinical guide to pediatric sleep. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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IMS841 Sleep Training Methods

In this course, students learn about all internationally recognized and safe sleep training methods. They will learn how to implement each method, understand what to expect during the process, and in which situations a particular method may not work. The course covers what to expect when starting a particular method, when a certain method may not work, and how to choose the best approach for different situations. Students will also learn how to evaluate the pros and cons of each sleep training method and how to adapt them to meet the needs of families and their children.

Course objectives

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

Compare the different sleep training methods and evaluate their pros and cons.
Know what to expect when implementing specific sleep training methods.
Recognize situations where certain sleep training methods may not be effective.
Adapt sleep training methods to suit the individual needs of families and children.
Guide parents in choosing the best method for their child based on their needs.
Provide step-by-step advice on using all internationally recognized and safe sleep training methods.

Exercises:

5 practice quizzes (not graded)
5 practical exercises (not graded)

Assessment:

1 final test
4 case study exams

Prerequisites

Students must have completed the following courses before enrolling in this course:

References:

Ockwell-Smith, Sarah. The Gentle Sleep Book: A Guide for Calm Babies, Toddlers and Pre-Schoolers. Piatkus, 2015.

Sears, William, et al. The Baby Sleep Book: The Complete Guide to a Good Night’s Rest for the Whole Family. Little, Brown and Company, 2005.

Waldburger, Jennifer, and Jill Spivack. The Sleepeasy Solution: The Exhausted Parent’s Guide to Getting Your Child to Sleep—from Birth to Age 5. Health Communications, 2007.

Turgeon, H. & Wright, J. (2014). The Happy Sleeper: The Science-Backed Guide to Helping Your Baby Get a Good Night’s Sleep-Newborn to School Age. Penguin.

Pantley, E., 2020. The no-cry sleep solution. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Mindell, J. A. (2010). Sleeping Through the Night, Revised Edition: How Infants, Toddlers, and Parents can get a Good Night’s sleep. Zondervan.

Ferber R. 2006. Solving your child’s sleep problems: New, revised, and expanded edition. New York: Fireside.

Karp, H., MD. (2015). The Happiest Baby on the Block; Fully revised and updated second edition: The New Way to Calm Crying and Help Your Newborn Baby Sleep Longer. Bantam

Blau, M., & Hogg, T. (2005). Secrets of the Baby Whisperer: How to Calm, Connect and Communicate with your Baby. Ballantine Books

Weissbluth, M. (2015). Healthy Sleep Habits, Happy Child, 4th Edition: A Step-By-Step Program for a Good Night’s Sleep.

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Maitre NL, Stark AR, McCoy Menser CC, Chorna OD, France DJ, Key AF, Wilkens K, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Wilkes DM, Bruehl S. Cry presence and amplitude do not reflect cortical processing of painful stimuli in newborns with distinct responses to touch or cold. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2017 Sep;102(5):F428-F433. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-312279. Epub 2017 May 12. PMID: 28500064; PMCID: PMC5651180. [PubMed]

Armstrong KL, O’Donnell H, McCallum R, Dadds M. Childhood sleep problems: association with prenatal factors and maternal distress/depression. J Paediatr Child Health. 1998 Jun;34(3):263-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1754.1998.00214.x. PMID: 9633975. [PubMed]

Price AM, Wake M, Ukoumunne OC, Hiscock H. Five-year follow-up of harms and benefits of behavioral infant sleep intervention: randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2012 Oct;130(4):643-51. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3467. Epub 2012 Sep 10. PMID: 22966034. [PubMed]

Whittall, H., Kahn, M., Pillion, M., & Gradisar, M. (2021). Parents matter: barriers and solutions when implementing behavioural sleep interventions for infant sleep problems. Sleep Medicine, 84, 244–252. [ScienceDirect]

Hiscock H, Bayer JK, Hampton A, Ukoumunne OC, Wake M. Long-term mother and child mental health effects of a population-based infant sleep intervention: cluster-randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2008 Sep;122(3):e621-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-3783. PMID: 18762495. [PubMed]

Eckerberg B. Treatment of sleep problems in families with young children: effects of treatment on family well-being. Acta Paediatr. 2004 Jan;93(1):126-34. doi: 10.1080/08035250310007754. PMID: 14989452. [PubMed]

Fangupo, L. J., Haszard, J. J., Reynolds, A. N., Lucas, A. W., McIntosh, D. R., Richards, R., Camp, J., Galland, B. C., Smith, C., & Taylor, R. W. (2021). Do sleep interventions change sleep duration in children aged 0–5 years? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 59, 101498. [ScienceDirect]

Gregory, A. M., Eley, T. C., O’Connor, T. G., & Plomin, R. (2004). Etiologies of associations between childhood sleep and behavioral problems in a large twin sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(6), 744–751.[ScienceDirect]

Gregory, A. M., & O’connor, T. G. (2002). Sleep Problems in Childhood: A Longitudinal study of Developmental change and association with Behavioral Problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(8), 964–971. [ScienceDirect]

Mindell, J. A., & Williamson, A. A. (2017). Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 40, 93–108. [ScienceDirect]

Skuladottir A, Thome M, Ramel A. Improving day and night sleep problems in infants by changing day time sleep rhythm: a single group before and after study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2005 Nov;42(8):843-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.12.004. Epub 2005 Jan 25. PMID: 16210022. [PubMed]

Anders, T. F., Halpern, L. F., & Hua, J. (1992). Sleeping through the night: a developmental perspective. Pediatrics, 90(4), 554-560. [AAP]

Matthey S, Črnčec R. Comparison of two strategies to improve infant sleep problems, and associated impacts on maternal experience, mood and infant emotional health: a single case replication design study. Early Hum Dev. 2012 Jun;88(6):437-42. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.10.010. Epub 2011 Nov 23. PMID: 22115988.[PubMed]

Bathory E, Tomopoulos S. Sleep Regulation, Physiology and Development, Sleep Duration and Patterns, and Sleep Hygiene in Infants, Toddlers, and Preschool-Age Children. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2017 Feb;47(2):29-42. doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.12.001. Epub 2017 Jan 20. PMID: 28117135. [PubMed]

Janssen X, Martin A, Hughes AR, Hill CM, Kotronoulas G, Hesketh KR. Associations of screen time, sedentary time and physical activity with sleep in under 5s: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2020 Feb;49:101226. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101226. Epub 2019 Nov 1. PMID: 31778942; PMCID: PMC7034412. [PubMed]

Hsu PW, Wu WW, Tung YC, Thomas KA, Tsai SY. Parental professional help-seeking for infant sleep. J Clin Nurs. 2017 Dec;26(23-24):5143-5150. doi: 10.1111/jocn.14061. Epub 2017 Oct 9. PMID: 28881073. [PubMed]

IMS304 Attachment Theory and Child Sleep

This course introduces students to attachment theory and its impact on infant and toddler sleep. Students will learn about the different attachment styles, including secure, avoidant, anxious, and disorganized attachment. The course also covers the ongoing debate on how genetics may play a role in attachment and the concept of earned secure attachment.

The course also looks at separation anxiety – what it is, why it happens, and how it affects sleep. Students will learn how to recognize separation anxiety and help parents cope with it.

Course objectives

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

Understand the four main attachment styles: secure, avoidant, anxious, and disorganized.
Explain the debate around genetics and attachment.
Describe earned secure attachment and its significance.
Discuss how attachment parenting relates to infant sleep.
Recognize the signs of separation anxiety in infants and toddlers.
Explain how separation anxiety can affect a child’s sleep.
Provide strategies to help parents cope with separation anxiety.

Course content

Introduction to Attachment Theory
Attachment Styles
Secure Attachment Style
Avoidant Attachment Style
Anxious Attachment Style
Disorganized Attachment Style
The Genetics-Attachment Debat
Earned Secure Attachment
Attachment Parenting and Infant Sleep
Breaking the Myth of Perfect Parenting: Insights from Duke University
Introduction to Separation Anxiety
What facts do we know about separation anxiety?
What Makes The Child Have Separation Anxiety?
How Can You Tell If The Baby Has Separation Anxiety?
In What Situations Do Toddlers Experience Separation Anxiety?
Why Does Separation Anxiety Affect The Child’s Sleep?
How to help children cope with separation anxiety

Exercises:

6 practice quizzes (not graded)

Assessment

1 final test

Prerequisites:

Students must have completed the following courses before enrolling in this course:

References:

Valérie Simard, Annie Bernier, Marie-Ève Bélanger, Julie Carrier, Infant Attachment and Toddlers’ Sleep Assessed by Maternal Reports and Actigraphy: Different Measurement Methods Yield Different Relations, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Volume 38, Issue 5, June 2013, Pages 473–483, [JPP]

Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 759–775. [APA]

Lovenheim, P. (2018). The attachment effect: Exploring the Powerful Ways Our Earliest Bond Shapes Our Relationships and Lives. Penguin. [Book]

Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. Published online October 1982:664-678. [APA]

Belsky J. Developmental origins of attachment styles. Attachment & Human Development. Published online September 2002:166-170. [Taylor&Francis]

Van der Horst FCP, LeRoy HA, van der Veer R. “When Strangers Meet”: John Bowlby and Harry Harlow on Attachment Behavior. Integr psych behav. Published online September 3, 2008:370-388. [Springer]

Bretherton I. The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental psychology. 1992;18(5):759. [APA]

Bowlby J, May DS, Solomon M. Attachment Theory.Lifespan Learning Institute; 1989.

Mikulincer M, Nachshon O. Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1991:321-331. [APA]

Madigan S, Moran G, Pederson DR. Unresolved states of mind, disorganized attachment relationships, and disrupted interactions of adolescent mothers and their infants. Developmental Psychology. Published online March 2006:293-304. [APA]

Bretherton I. Attachment Theory: Retrospect and Prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Published online 1985:3. [APA]

DeKlyen M, Greenberg MT. “Attachment and Psychopathology in Childhood.” Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. Vol 2. N/A; 2008. [APA]

Van Ijzendoorn MH, Schuengel C, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Disorganized attachment in early childhood: meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Dev Psychopathol. 1999 Spring;11(2):225-49. [PubMed]

Schore JR, Schore AN. Modern Attachment Theory: The Central Role of Affect Regulation in Development and Treatment. Clin Soc Work J. Published online September 8, 2007:9-20. [Springer]

Shaver P, Hazan C. Being lonely, falling in love: Perspectives from attachment theory. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality. 1987;2(2):105–124. [APA]

Levy KN, Blatt SJ, Shaver PR. Attachment styles and parental representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1998:407-419. [APA]

Griffin DW, Bartholomew K. Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online September 1994:430-445. [APA]

Cassidy J. Emotion Regulation: Influences of Attachment Relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Published online 1994:228. [jstor]

Cassidy J, Berlin LJ. The Insecure/Ambivalent Pattern of Attachment: Theory and Research. Child Development. Published online August 1994:971. [PubMed]

Main M, Kaplan N, Cassidy J. Security in Infancy, Childhood, and Adulthood: A Move to the Level of Representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Published online 1985:66. [jstor]

Isabella RA. Origins of Attachment: Maternal Interactive Behavior across the First Year. Child Development. Published online April 1993:605. [PubMed]

Mikulincer M, Florian V, Weller A. Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the Gulf War in Israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1993:817-826. [PubMed]

Sroufe LA, Fox NE, Pancake VR. Attachment and Dependency in Developmental Perspective. Child Development. Published online December 1983:1615. [jstor]

Shorey HS, Snyder CR. The Role of Adult Attachment Styles in Psychopathology and Psychotherapy Outcomes. Review of General Psychology. Published online March 2006:1-20. [Sage]

Hazan C, Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1987:511-524. [APA]

Mikulincer M, Nachshon O. Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1991:321-331. [APA]

Kobak RR, Sceery A. Attachment in Late Adolescence: Working Models, Affect Regulation, and Representations of Self and Others. Child Development. Published online February 1988:135. [jstor]

Collins NL, Read SJ. Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1990:644-663. [APA]

Mikulincer M, Florian V, Tolmacz R. Attachment styles and fear of personal death: A case study of affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online 1990:273-280. [APA]

Mikulincer M, Horesh N, Eilati I, Kotler M. The association between adult attachment style and mental health in extreme life-endangering conditions. Personality and Individual Differences. Published online November 1999:831-842. [ScienceDirect]

Ainsworth, M. D. et al (2015) Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. New York: Psychology Press. [Book]

Hesse E, Main M. Disorganized Infant, Child, and Adult Attachment: Collapse in Behavioral and Attentional Strategies. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. Published online August 2000:1097-1127. [Sage]

Benoit D. Infant-parent attachment: Definition, types, antecedents, measurement and outcome. Paediatrics & Child Health. Published online October 2004:541-545. [OxfordAcademic]

Anders TF. Infant sleep, nighttime relationships, and attachment. Psychiatry. 1994 Feb;57(1):11-21. [Taylor&Francis]

Main M, Hesse E. Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? In: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Mental Health and Development. Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention. University of Chicago Press; 1990:161-182. [APA]

McNamara, P., Belsky, J., & Fearon, P. (2003). Infant sleep disorders and attachment: Sleep problems in infants with insecure-resistant versus insecure-avoidant attachments to mother. Sleep and Hypnosis, 5, 17-26. [ResearchGate]

Schuengel C, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IJzendoorn MH. Frightening maternal behavior linking unresolved loss and disorganized infant attachment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Published online 1999:54-63. [APA]

Hertsgaard L, Gunnar M, Erickson MF, Nachmias M. Adrenocortical Responses to the Strange Situation in Infants with Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment Relationships. Child Development. Published online August 1995:1100. [jstor]

Spangler G, Grossman K. Individual and physiological correlates of attachment disorganization in infancy. Attachment disorganization. Published online 1999. [APA]

Lyons-Ruth K. Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: the role of disorganized early attachment patterns. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64(1):64-73. [APA]

Liotti G. Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. Published online 2004:472-486. [APA]

Roisman GI, Padron E, Sroufe LA, Egeland B. Earned-Secure Attachment Status in Retrospect and Prospect. Child Development. Published online July 2002:1204-1219. [Wiley]

Saunders R, Jacobvitz D, Zaccagnino M, Beverung LM, Hazen N. Pathways to earned-security: The role of alternative support figures. Attachment & Human Development. Published online July 2011:403-420. [Taylor&Francis]

Howe, David (2011) Attachment across the lifecourse: a brief introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Valérie Simard, PhD, Annie Bernier, PhD, Marie-Ève Bélanger, BSc, Julie Carrier, PhD, Infant Attachment and Toddlers’ Sleep Assessed by Maternal Reports and Actigraphy: Different Measurement Methods Yield Different Relations, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Volume 38, Issue 5, June 2013 [JPP]

Morrell, J., & Steele, H. (2003). The role of attachment security, temperament, maternal perception, and care‐giving behavior in persistent infant sleeping problems. Infant Mental Health Journal, 24(5), 447–468. [Wiley]

Anders TF. Infant sleep, nighttime relationships, and attachment. Psychiatry. 1994 Feb;57(1):11-21. [PubMed]

Scher A. Attachment and sleep: a study of night waking in 12-month-old infants. Dev Psychobiol. 2001 May;38(4):274-85. [PubMed]

Robillard D. Separation anxiety in infants. AARN News Lett. 1994 Sep;50(8):16-7. PMID: 7976135.[PubMed]

Blandin N, Parquet PJ, Bailly D. L’angoisse de séparation. Au fil des théories [Separation anxiety. Theoretical considerations]. Encephale. 1994 Mar-Apr;20(2):121-9. French. PMID: 8050378.[PubMed]

Dallaire, D. H., & Weinraub, M. (2005). Predicting children’s separation anxiety at age 6: The contributions of infant–mother attachment security, maternal sensitivity, and maternal separation anxiety. Attachment & Human Development, 7(4), 393–408. [Taylor&Francis]

Benson, J. B., & Haith, M. M. (Eds.). (2009). Diseases and Disorders in infancy and Early Childhood. Academic Press.

Gunnar MR, Larson MC, Hertsgaard L, Harris ML, Brodersen L. The stressfulness of separation among nine-month-old infants: effects of social context variables and infant temperament. Child Dev. 1992 Apr;63(2):290-303. PMID: 1611934.[PubMed]

Loranger N. Play intervention strategies for the Hispanic toddler with separation anxiety. Pediatr Nurs. 1992 Nov-Dec;18(6):571-5. PMID: 1470489. [PubMed]

Kelmanson, I. A. (2011). Separation anxiety and bedtime resistance in eight-month-old infants. Early Child Development and Care, 182(11), 1455–1464. [Taylor&Francis]

Eisen, A. R., & Schaefer, C. E. (2007). Separation anxiety in children and adolescents: An Individualized Approach to Assessment and Treatment. Guilford Press.

Eisen, A. R., Engler, L. B., & Sparrow, J. D. (2006). Helping your child overcome separation anxiety or school refusal: A Step-by-step Guide for Parents. New Harbinger Publications.

IMS431 Growth Spurts and Developmental Leaps

This course covers how growth spurts and developmental leaps affect a child’s sleep from birth to 24 months. Students will learn when growth spurts and mental leaps happen and how they differ from each other. The course also introduces the “Wonder Weeks” theory, a popular but controversial topic. Some studies support the theory, while others question its validity. Understanding these ideas will help students answer parents’ questions about these topics.

Course objectives

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

Explain what baby growth spurts are and when they happen.
Describe mental leaps and how they affect sleep.
Discuss the Wonder Weeks theory.
Understand the difference between growth spurts and mental leaps.
Know the timing of key developmental leaps from birth to 24 months.
Help parents understand how growth spurts and mental leaps may disrupt sleep.

Course content:

In this course students have the opportunity to learn about growth spurts, developmental leaps and how they affect child sleep – from birth to 24 months.

What Are Baby Growth Spurts?
When Do Babies Have Growth Spurts?
What Is a Mental Leap?
When Do Babies Have Mental Leaps?
What Is the Difference Between a Growth Spurt and a Mental Leap?
1st Leap: Week 5
2nd Leap: Week 8
3rd Leap: Week 12
4th Leap: Week 19
5th Leap: Week 26
6th Leap: Week 37
7th Leap: Week 46
8th Leap: Week 55
9th Leap: Week 64
10th Leap: Week 70

Assessment:

1 final test

Prerequisites:

No prior knowledge is mandatory, though a basic understanding of child development and family dynamics is recommended.

References:

Plooij, X., Plooij, F. X., & Van De Rijt, H. (2019). The Wonder Weeks: A Stress-FRee Guide to Your Baby’s Behavior (6th Edition). The Countryman Press. [Book]

Van de Rijt-Plooij HH, Plooij FX. Distinct periods of mother-infant conflict in normal development: sources of progress and germs of pathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;34(2):229-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb00981.x. PMID: 8444994. [Wiley]

de Weerth, C., & van Geert, P. (2011). Emotional instability as an indicator of strictly timed infantile developmental transitions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(Pt 1), 15–44. [BJDP]

Van De Rijt-Plooij, H. H. C., & Plooij, F. X. (1992). Infantile regressions: Disorganization and the onset of transition periods. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 10(3), 129–149. [Taylor&Francis]

Bornstein MH. Human infancy…and the rest of the lifespan. Annu Rev Psychol. 2014;65:121-58. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100359. Epub 2013 Sep 13. PMID: 24405360; PMCID: PMC5865600. [PubMed]

Tierney AL, Nelson CA 3rd. Brain Development and the Role of Experience in the Early Years. Zero Three. 2009 Nov 1;30(2):9-13. PMID: 23894221; PMCID: PMC3722610. [PubMed]

Johnson CP, Blasco PA. Infant growth and development. Pediatr Rev. 1997 Jul;18(7):224-42. [AAP]

Lampl M, Johnson ML. Infant growth in length follows prolonged sleep and increased naps. Sleep. 2011 May 1;34(5):641-50. doi: 10.1093/sleep/34.5.641. PMID: 21532958; PMCID: PMC3079944. [PubMed]

Lejarraga, H. (2002). Growth in infancy and childhood: A pediatric approach. Human growth and development, 2.

Sears, W., Sears, M., Sears, R., & Sears, J. (2013). The baby book: Everything you need to know about your baby from birth to age two. Little, Brown.

La Leche League International. (2010). The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding. Ballantine Books.

IMS435 Conditions Affecting Sleep

This class teaches students about common sleep problems babies and toddlers have because of short-term health problems. Topics include teething, colic, illness, reflux, and how nutrition and feeding relate to sleep. Students will learn ways to support parents in managing their child’s sleep during these times of discomfort.

Most importantly, this course stresses how important it is to stay within your professional limits and always refer parents to a doctor about health issues.

Sleep consultants must:

Always ask parents to consult a pediatrician before sleep consultation.
Never give medical advice unless you have a medical degree.
Never override a doctor’s prescription. Advise parents to seek a second opinion if needed, but always refer them to their healthcare provider and never share personal opinions related to any healthcare concerns.

Course objectives

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

Recognize how teething, colic, and illness can disrupt a baby’s sleep.
Understand the impact of reflux and feeding patterns on sleep quality.
Emphasize the importance of consulting healthcare professionals when a child’s health is in question.
Work within professional boundaries and avoid giving any medical advice without proper qualifications.

Course content

Introduction
Teething
Colic
Managing a Sick Baby’s Sleep
Reflux
Nutrition and Feeding

Assessment

3 practice quizzes (not graded)
1 final test

Prerequisites:

Students must have completed the following courses before enrolling in this course:

References:

Critch J. Infantile colic: Is there a role for dietary interventions? Paediatr Child Health. 2011 Jan;16(1):47-9. PMID: 22211076; PMCID: PMC3043028. [PubMed]

Hill DJ, Hudson IL, Sheffield LJ, Shelton MJ, Menahem S, Hosking CS. A low allergen diet is a significant intervention in infantile colic: results of a community-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995 Dec;96(6 Pt 1):886-92. [JACI]

Pärtty A, Kalliomäki M. Infant colic is still a mysterious disorder of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Acta Paediatr. 2017 Apr;106(4):528-529. doi: 10.1111/apa.13754. PMID: 28318126. [Wiley]

Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ, Gubbels JW, van Eijk JT, van Geldrop WJ, Neven AK. Effectiveness of treatments for infantile colic: systematic review. BMJ. 1998 May 23;316(7144):1563-9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.316.7144.1563. Erratum in: BMJ 1998 Jul 18;317(7152):171. PMID: 9596593; PMCID: PMC28556. [BMJ]

Altmann, T., 2018. Baby & toddler basics. American Academy of Pediatrics.

Sears, W., & Sears, M. (2003). The Baby Book: Everything You Need to Know About Your Baby from Birth to Age Two. Little, Brown and Company

Cook, W. J., & Klaas, K. M. (2020). Mayo Clinic Guide to your baby’s first years: Newborn to Age 3. Rosetta Books.

Brown, A. and Fields, D., 2015. Toddler 411 Clear Answers & Smart Advice for Your Toddler. Windsor Peak Press.

Rubin, J., Prina, D., Lataitis, N. and Klein, M.D., J., 2007. Naturally Healthy Kids: Integrating Conventional and Holistic Treatments for Common Illnesses of Children. Partners in Pediatrics.

Murkoff, H. (2014). What to expect the first year. Workman Publishing.

Hamilton JL, Evans SG, Bakshi M. Management of Fever in Infants and Young Children. Am Fam Physician. 2020 Jun 15;101(12):721-729. PMID: 32538597. [PubMed]

Akman I, Kusçu K, Ozdemir N, Yurdakul Z, Solakoglu M, Orhan L, Karabekiroglu A, Ozek E. Mothers’ postpartum psychological adjustment and infantile colic. Arch Dis Child. 2006 May;91(5):417-9. doi: 10.1136/adc.2005.083790. Epub 2006 Feb 1. PMID: 16452109; PMCID: PMC2082735. [PubMed]

Barr RG, McMullan SJ, Spiess H, Leduc DG, Yaremko J, Barfield R, Francoeur TE, Hunziker UA. Carrying as colic “therapy”: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 1991 May;87(5):623-30. PMID: 2020506. [PubMed]

Hunziker UA, Barr RG. Increased carrying reduces infant crying: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 1986 May;77(5):641-8. PMID: 3517799.[PubMed]

Leung AK, Lemay JF. Infantile colic: a review. J R Soc Promot Health. 2004 Jul;124(4):162-6. doi: 10.1177/146642400412400407. PMID: 15301313. [PubMed]

Duro D, Rising R, Cedillo M, Lifshitz F. Association between infantile colic and carbohydrate malabsorption from fruit juices in infancy. Pediatrics. 2002 May;109(5):797-805. doi: 10.1542/peds.109.5.797. PMID: 11986439. [PubMed]

Anisfeld E, Casper V, Nozyce M, Cunningham N. Does infant carrying promote attachment? An experimental study of the effects of increased physical contact on the development of attachment. Child Dev. 1990 Oct;61(5):1617-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02888.x. PMID: 2245751. [PubMed]

Chen IL, Chwo MJ. [The problems and management of excessive crying and fussing in infants]. Hu Li Za Zhi. 2006 Aug;53(4):17-23. Chinese. PMID: 16874598. [PubMed]

Nocerino R, Pezzella V, Cosenza L, Amoroso A, Di Scala C, Amato F, Iacono G, Canani RB. The controversial role of food allergy in infantile colic: evidence and clinical management. Nutrients. 2015 Mar 19;7(3):2015-25. [PubMed]

Kanabar D, Randhawa M, Clayton P. Improvement of symptoms in infant colic following reduction of lactose load with lactase. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2001 Oct;14(5):359-63. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-277x.2001.00304.x. Erratum in: J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007 Oct;20(5):509. PMID: 11906576. [PubMed]

Garg P. Infantile colic–unfolded. Indian J Pediatr. 2004 Oct;71(10):903-6. doi: 10.1007/BF02830833. PMID: 15531832. [PubMed]

Savino F, Pelle E, Palumeri E, Oggero R, Miniero R. Lactobacillus reuteri (American Type Culture Collection Strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic: a prospective randomized study. Pediatrics. 2007 Jan;119(1):e124-30. [APP]

Talachian E, Bidari A, Rezaie MH. Incidence and risk factors for infantile colic in Iranian infants. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Aug 7;14(29):4662-6. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.4662. PMID: 18698680; PMCID: PMC2738790. [PubMed]

Smarius LJ, Strieder TG, Loomans EM, Doreleijers TA, Vrijkotte TG, Gemke RJ, van Eijsden M. Excessive infant crying doubles the risk of mood and behavioral problems at age 5: evidence for mediation by maternal characteristics. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 Mar;26(3):293-302. doi: 10.1007/s00787-016-0888-4. Epub 2016 Jul 15. PMID: 27422707; PMCID: PMC5323467. [PubMed]

Ahmed M, Billoo AG, Iqbal K, Memon A. Clinical Efficacy Of Lactase Enzyme Supplement In Infant Colic: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018 Dec;68(12):1744-1747. PMID: 30504935. [PubMed]

Buckley M. Some new and important clues to the causes of colic. Br J Community Nurs. 2000 Sep;5(9):462, 464-5. doi: 10.12968/bjcn.2000.5.9.7140. PMID: 12192339. [PubMed]

Gordon M, Biagioli E, Sorrenti M, Lingua C, Moja L, Banks SS, Ceratto S, Savino F. Dietary modifications for infantile colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 10;10(10):CD011029. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011029.pub2. PMID: 30306546; PMCID: PMC6394439. [PubMed]

Ong TG, Gordon M, Banks SS, Thomas MR, Akobeng AK. Probiotics to prevent infantile colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 13;3(3):CD012473. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012473.pub2. PMID: 30865287; PMCID: PMC6415699. [NIH]

Dobson D, Lucassen PL, Miller JJ, Vlieger AM, Prescott P, Lewith G. Manipulative therapies for infantile colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD004796. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004796.pub2. PMID: 23235617. [PubMed]

Barr RG, Rotman A, Yaremko J, Leduc D, Francoeur TE. The crying of infants with colic: a controlled empirical description. Pediatrics. 1992 Jul;90(1 Pt 1):14-21. PMID: 1614771. [PubMed]

Kozhakhmetov S, Meiirmanova Z, Mukhanbetzhanov N, Jarmukhanov Z, Vinogradova E, Mureyev S, Kozhakhmetova S, Morenko M, Shnaider K, Duisbayeva A, Kushugulova A. Compositional and functional variability of the gut microbiome in children with infantile colic. Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 12;13(1):9530. [PubMed]

Jacobson D, Melvin N. A comparison of temperament and maternal bother in infants with and without colic. J Pediatr Nurs. 1995 Jun;10(3):181-8. doi: 10.1016/S0882-5963(05)80081-8. PMID: 7629705. [JPN]

Rautava P, Helenius H, Lehtonen L. Psychosocial predisposing factors for infantile colic. BMJ. 1993 Sep 4;307(6904):600-4. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6904.600. PMID: 8401016; PMCID: PMC1678925. [NIH]

Lindberg T. Infantile colic and small intestinal function: a nutritional problem? Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999 Aug;88(430):58-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01301.x. PMID: 10569224. [Wiley]

Wolke D, Bilgin A, Samara M. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Fussing and Crying Durations and Prevalence of Colic in Infants. J Pediatr. 2017 Jun;185:55-61.e4. [JPEDS]

Anabrees J, Indrio F, Paes B, AlFaleh K. Probiotics for infantile colic: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2013 Nov 15;13:186. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-186. PMID: 24238101; PMCID: PMC4225660. [PubMed]

Pauli-Pott U, Becker K, Mertesacker T, Beckmann D. Infants with “Colic”-mothers’ perspectives on the crying problem. J Psychosom Res. 2000 Feb;48(2):125-32. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3999(99)00084-7. PMID: 10719128. [ScienceDirect]

Santos IS, Matijasevich A, Capilheira MF, Anselmi L, Barros FC. Excessive crying at 3 months of age and behavioural problems at 4 years age: a prospective cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015 Jul;69(7):654-9. doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-204568. Epub 2015 Feb 19. PMID: 25700531; PMCID: PMC4484259. [PubMed]

St James-Roberts I, Hurry J, Bowyer J, Barr RG. Supplementary carrying compared with advice to increase responsive parenting as interventions to prevent persistent infant crying. Pediatrics. 1995 Mar;95(3):381-8. PMID: 7862477. [PubMed]

Heyman MB; Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1279-86. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1721. PMID: 16951027. [PubMed]

Piwoz EG, Huffman SL. The Impact of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes on WHO-Recommended Breastfeeding Practices. Food Nutr Bull. 2015 Dec;36(4):373-86. doi: 10.1177/0379572115602174. Epub 2015 Aug 27. PMID: 26314734. [PubMed]

Smith J, Blake M. Infant food marketing strategies undermine effective regulation of breast-milk substitutes: trends in print advertising in Australia, 1950-2010. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2013 Aug;37(4):337-44. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12081. PMID: 23895476. [PubMed]

Barr RG, Kramer MS, Pless IB, Boisjoly C, Leduc D. Feeding and temperament as determinants of early infant crying/fussing behavior. Pediatrics. 1989 Sep;84(3):514-21. PMID: 2771554. [PubMed]

Amarasena N, Lalloo R. Teething and sleep difficulties: findings from the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2015 Aug;39(4):396. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12388. Epub 2015 Jun 11. PMID: 26095769. [ScienceDirect]

Wake M, Hesketh K, Lucas J. Teething and tooth eruption in infants: A cohort study. Pediatrics. 2000 Dec;106(6):1374-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.106.6.1374. PMID: 11099591. [AAP]

HajiAhmadi M, Akhlaghi N, Aghajani F, Moshgelgosha H, Soltanian M. Comparison of information provided by pediatricians regarding tooth eruption and the information available on the internet. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2021 Feb 23;18:6. PMID: 34084293; PMCID: PMC8122695. [NIH]

Yousif MK. Mothers’ false beliefs and myths associated with teething. Qatar Med J. 2020 Dec 9;2020(2):32. doi: 10.5339/qmj.2020.32. PMID: 33329998; PMCID: PMC7724255. [NIH]

Sood S, Sood M. Teething: myths and facts. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010 Fall;35(1):9-13. doi: 10.17796/jcpd.35.1.u146773636772101. PMID: 21189758. [NIH]

McIntyre GT, McIntyre GM. Teething troubles? Br Dent J. 2002 Mar 9;192(5):251-5. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4801349. PMID: 11924952. [Nature]

Memarpour M, Soltanimehr E, Eskandarian T. Signs and symptoms associated with primary tooth eruption: a clinical trial of nonpharmacological remedies. BMC Oral Health. 2015 Jul 28;15:88. doi: 10.1186/s12903-015-0070-2. PMID: 26215351; PMCID: PMC4517507. [BMC]

Cox C, Petrie N, Hurley KF. Infant Strangulation from an Amber Teething Necklace. CJEM. 2017 Sep;19(5):400-403. doi: 10.1017/cem.2016.342. Epub 2016 Aug 9. PMID: 27503268. [PubMed]

Soudek L, McLaughlin R. Fad over fatality? The hazards of amber teething necklaces. Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Apr;23(2):106-110. doi: 10.1093/pch/pxx158. Epub 2017 Nov 28. PMID: 29686494; PMCID: PMC5905457. [NIH]

More SG, Sankeshwari R, Ankola AV. Exploring Parental Knowledge and Indigenous Practices for Infant Teething in Indian Population: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2019 Nov-Dec;12(6):479-483. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1688. PMID: 32440059; PMCID: PMC7229391. [NIH]

Owais AI, Zawaideh F, Al-Batayneh OB. Challenging parents’ myths regarding their children’s teething. Int J Dent Hyg. 2010 Feb;8(1):28-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00412.x. Erratum in: Int J Dent Hyg. 2010 Nov;8(4):324. Erratum in: Int J Dent Hyg. 2017 Aug;15(3):258. doi: 10.1111/idh.12273. PMID: 20096079. [Wiley]

Ispas RS, Mahoney EK, Whyman RA. Teething signs and symptoms: persisting misconceptions among health professionals in New Zealand. N Z Dent J. 2013 Mar;109(1):2-5. PMID: 23923149. [PubMed]

Bhatia J, Parish A. GERD or not GERD: the fussy infant. J Perinatol. 2009 May;29 Suppl 2:S7-11. doi: 10.1038/jp.2009.27. PMID: 19399014. [PubMed]

Baker P, Russ K, Kang M, Santos TM, Neves PAR, Smith J, Kingston G, Mialon M, Lawrence M, Wood B, Moodie R, Clark D, Sievert K, Boatwright M, McCoy D. Globalization, first-foods systems transformations and corporate power: a synthesis of literature and data on the market and political practices of the transnational baby food industry. Global Health. 2021 May 21;17(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s12992-021-00708-1. PMID: 34020657; PMCID: PMC8139375. [PubMed]

Machado R, Woodley FW, Skaggs B, Di Lorenzo C, Splaingard M, Mousa H. Gastroesophageal reflux causing sleep interruptions in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Apr;56(4):431-5. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827f02f2. PMID: 23201711. [Wiley]

Leung AK, Hon KL. Gastroesophageal reflux in children: an updated review. Drugs Context. 2019 Jun 17;8:212591. doi: 10.7573/dic.212591. PMID: 31258618; PMCID: PMC6586172. [PMC]

IMS437 Introduction to Sleep Disorders

This course provides an overview of common sleep disorders that may disrupt a child’s sleep, including bad dreams, nightmares, night terrors, sleep talking, sleepwalking, bed-wetting, and snoring.

The information provided in this course is primarily for educational purposes, ensuring that sleep consultants are well-informed about these sleep disorders. However, it is not the role of sleep consultants to diagnose, treat, or directly consult with parents regarding these issues.

Child sleep consultants must strictly adhere to their professional boundaries, which involve focusing on sleep-related concerns within their scope of practice. When encountering any of the aforementioned sleep disorders, the child sleep consultant’s sole responsibility is to refer parents to their child’s pediatrician.

Course objectives

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

Identify common sleep disorders in children, including nightmares, night terrors, sleep talking, sleepwalking, bed-wetting, and snoring.
Understand the educational purpose of learning about these sleep disorders.
Provide parents with guidance on behavioral sleep-related issues while directing medical concerns to qualified healthcare providers.

Course content:

Bad dreams and nightmares
Night terrors
Sleep talking
Sleepwalking
Bed-wetting
Snoring

Assessment:

4 practice quizzes (not graded)
1 final test

Prerequisites:

Students must have completed the following courses before enrolling in this course:

References:

Meltzer, L. J., & Crabtree, V. M. (2015). Pediatric sleep problems: A Clinician’s Guide to Behavioral Interventions. [Book]

Mindell, J. A., & Owens, J. A. (2015). A Clinical Guide to Pediatric sleep: Diagnosis and Management of Sleep Problems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [Book]

Nevšímalová, S., & Bruni, O. (2016). Sleep disorders in children. Springer.

Coolidge FL, Segal DL, Coolidge CM, Spinath FM, Gottschling J. Do nightmares and generalized anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence have a common genetic origin? Behav Genet. 2010 May;40(3):349-56. doi: 10.1007/s10519-009-9310-z. Epub 2009 Nov 10. PMID: 19902346. [Springer]

Schredl M, Pallmer R. Alpträume bei Kindern [Nightmares in children]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr. 1997 Jan;46(1):36-56. German. PMID: 9102641. [PubMed]

Spoormaker VI, Schredl M, van den Bout J. Nightmares: from anxiety symptom to sleep disorder. Sleep Med Rev. 2006 Feb;10(1):19-31. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2005.06.001. Epub 2005 Dec 27. PMID: 16377217. [PubMed]

Schredl M, Fricke-Oerkermann L, Mitschke A, Wiater A, Lehmkuhl G. Longitudinal study of nightmares in children: stability and effect of emotional symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2009 Sep;40(3):439-49. doi: 10.1007/s10578-009-0136-y. Epub 2009 Mar 12. PMID: 19280336. [Springer]

Muris P, Merckelbach H, Gadet B, Moulaert V. Fears, worries, and scary dreams in 4- to 12-year-old children: their content, developmental pattern, and origins. J Clin Child Psychol. 2000 Mar;29(1):43-52. doi: 10.1207/S15374424jccp2901_5. PMID: 10693031. [PubMed]

Mindell JA, Barrett KM. Nightmares and anxiety in elementary-aged children: is there a relationship. Child Care Health Dev. 2002 Jul;28(4):317-22. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2214.2002.00274.x. PMID: 12211191. [Wiley]

Hawkins C, Williams TI. Nightmares, life events and behaviour problems in preschool children. Child Care Health Dev. 1992 Mar-Apr;18(2):117-28. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.1992.tb00346.x. PMID: 1587010. [Wiley]

Leung AK, Robson WL. Nightmares. J Natl Med Assoc. 1993 Mar;85(3):233-5. PMID: 8474139; PMCID: PMC2571879. [PubMed]

Gauchat A, Séguin JR, Zadra A. Prevalence and correlates of disturbed dreaming in children. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2014 Oct;62(5):311-8. doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.05.016. Epub 2014 Aug 6. PMID: 25108315. [ScienceDirect]

Schredl, M. Bad dreams, bedtime anxiety, and trait anxiety in school-aged children. Somnologie 24, 267–273 (2020). [Springer]

Schredl M, Fricke-Oerkermann L, Mitschke A, Wiater A, Lehmkuhl G. Factors affecting nightmares in children: parents’ vs. children’s ratings. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Jan;18(1):20-5. doi: 10.1007/s00787-008-0697-5. Epub 2008 Jun 10. PMID: 18545870. [PubMed]

Mason TB 2nd, Pack AI. Sleep terrors in childhood. J Pediatr. 2005 Sep;147(3):388-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.06.042. PMID: 16182681. [JP]

Szelenberger W, Niemcewicz S, Dabrowska AJ. Sleepwalking and night terrors: psychopathological and psychophysiological correlates. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2005 Aug;17(4):263-70. doi: 10.1080/09540260500104573. PMID: 16194798. [Taylor & Francis]

Ellington E. It’s Not a Nightmare: Understanding Sleep Terrors. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2018 Aug 1;56(8):11-14. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20180723-03. PMID: 30071122. [JPN]

Laberge L, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Montplaisir J. Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence. Pediatrics. 2000 Jul;106(1 Pt 1):67-74. doi: 10.1542/peds.106.1.67. PMID: 10878151. [AAP]

Owens JA, Millman RP, Spirito A. Sleep terrors in a 5-year-old girl. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 Mar;153(3):309-12. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.153.3.309. PMID: 10086413. [JAMA]

Espa F, Ondze B, Deglise P, Billiard M, Besset A. Sleep architecture, slow wave activity, and sleep spindles in adult patients with sleepwalking and sleep terrors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000 May;111(5):929-39. doi: 10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00249-2. PMID: 10802466. [PubMed]

Moreno MA. Sleep Terrors and Sleepwalking: Common Parasomnias of Childhood. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Jul;169(7):704. [JAMA]

Haupt M, Sheldon SH, Loghmanee D. Just a scary dream? A brief review of sleep terrors, nightmares, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Pediatr Ann. 2013 Oct;42(10):211-6. doi: 10.3928/00904481-20130924-12. PMID: 24126984. [PubMed]

Boyden SD, Pott M, Starks PT. An evolutionary perspective on night terrors. Evol Med Public Health. 2018 Apr 14;2018(1):100-105. doi: 10.1093/emph/eoy010. PMID: 29765596; PMCID: PMC5941156. [PubMed]

Nguyen BH, Pérusse D, Paquet J, Petit D, Boivin M, Tremblay RE, Montplaisir J. Sleep terrors in children: a prospective study of twins. Pediatrics. 2008 Dec;122(6):e1164-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-1303. PMID: 19047218. [AAP]

Carter KA, Hathaway NE, Lettieri CF. Common sleep disorders in children. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Mar 1;89(5):368-77. PMID: 24695508. [AFP]

Hoban TF. Sleep disorders in children. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Jan;1184:1-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05112.x. PMID: 20146688. [NYAS]

Kotagal S. Parasomnias of childhood. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008 Dec;20(6):659-65. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e328316bd9d. PMID: 19005335. [PubMed]

Masand P, Popli AP, Weilburg JB. Sleepwalking. Am Fam Physician. 1995 Feb 15;51(3):649-54. PMID: 7863961. [PubMed]

Williams, W. L., Jackson, M., & Friman, P. C. (2007). Encopresis and enuresis. In P. Sturmey (Ed.), Functional analysis in clinical treatment (pp. 171–191). Elsevier Academic Press. [APA]

Remulla A, Guilleminault C. Somnambulism (sleepwalking). Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 Oct;5(10):2069-74. doi: 10.1517/14656566.5.10.2069. PMID: 15461542. [Taylor&Francis]

Petit D, Pennestri MH, Paquet J, Desautels A, Zadra A, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Montplaisir J. Childhood Sleepwalking and Sleep Terrors: A Longitudinal Study of Prevalence and Familial Aggregation. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Jul;169(7):653-8. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.127. PMID: 25938617. [JAMA]

Rodriguez CL, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Clinical neurophysiology of NREM parasomnias. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;161:397-410. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64142-7.00063-1. PMID: 31307616. [ScienceDirect]

Chawla J, Waters KA. Snoring in children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2015 Sep;51(9):847-50; quiz 850-1. doi: 10.1111/jpc.12976. PMID: 26333074. [Wiley]

Katila M, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Saha MT, Vuorela N, Huhtala H, Korhonen LS, Lukkarinen M, Tuulari JJ, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Paavonen EJ. Prevalence and evolution of snoring and the associated factors in two-year-old children. Sleep Med. 2021 Aug;84:275-282. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.004. Epub 2021 Jun 11. PMID: 34186453. [ScienceDirect]

Gozal D, O’Brien LM. Snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea in children: why should we treat? Paediatr Respir Rev. 2004;5 Suppl A:S371-6. doi: 10.1016/s1526-0542(04)90066-8. PMID: 14980299. [PubMed]

Mitchell EA, Thompson JM. Snoring in the first year of life. Acta Paediatr. 2003 Apr;92(4):425-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00572.x. PMID: 12801107. [PubMed]

Piteo AM, Kennedy JD, Roberts RM, Martin AJ, Nettelbeck T, Kohler MJ, Lushington K. Snoring and cognitive development in infancy. Sleep Med. 2011 Dec;12(10):981-7. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.03.023. Epub 2011 Nov 21. PMID: 22104543. [PubMed]

Byars KC, Yolton K, Rausch J, Lanphear B, Beebe DW. Prevalence, patterns, and persistence of sleep problems in the first 3 years of life. Pediatrics. 2012 Feb;129(2):e276-84. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0372. Epub 2012 Jan 4. PMID: 22218837; PMCID: PMC3357046. [NLM]

IMS903 Sleep Plan Workshop

This course teaches students how to create a structured sleep plan. Students will learn what information should be included in a sleep plan and how to evaluate sleep questionnaires and sleep logs. The course focuses on analyzing real world data and creating successful sleep plans to address specific sleep issues. Throughout the course, students will review case studies from experienced sleep consultants – they will evaluate real-life sleep questionnaires and sleep logs.

At the end of the workshop, students will complete an assessment in which they are given a case study. Using what they have learned, students will create a detailed sleep plan to address the sleep issues presented in the case.

Course objectives

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

Define what a sleep plan is and understand its purpose.
Structure a sleep plan effectively to address specific sleep issues.
Understand the role and value of a sleep log in tracking sleep patterns.
Analyze sleep questionnaires and logs to gather important insights.
Create successful sleep plans based on the information from sleep logs, and questionnaires.
Evaluate case studies from experienced sleep consultants and apply the lessons learned.
Complete a written sleep plan based on an actual case study, as part of the final assessment.

Course content

What is a sleep plan?
How to structure it?
What information should be included (or not included) in a sleep plan?
How to analyse a sleep questionnaire?
How to analyse a sleep log?
How to create a successful sleep plan to resolve a particular sleep issue?

During this course students have the opportunity to review case studies from experienced sleep consultants. They will be able to evaluate sleep questionnaires from actual clients and learn valuable lessons.

Assessment:

1 case study exam

Prerequisites:

Students must have completed the following courses before enrolling in this course:

IMS905 Working with Families

This course teaches students how to handle different parenting styles during sleep consultations. It focuses on using empathy and active listening to guide parents through sleep issues. The course is divided into two parts.

In Part 1, students will learn how to work with parents who follow attachment parenting and those who reject it. This part covers the importance of respecting parenting choices and communicating effectively with each type of parent. It also addresses how to handle challenging cases, such as parents who have strong beliefs about how their child should sleep.

In Part 2, students will learn how to guide parents who believe they already know “everything” about sleep or who find it difficult to imagine their child falling asleep without their help. This part also focuses on addressing the specific needs of parents who look for quick solutions or feel overwhelmed by their child’s sleep issues. Students will also learn how to help parents who believe their baby is always hungry and those who struggle with sleep problems while managing work and daycare schedules.

Course objectives

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

Apply empathy and active listening during sleep consultations.
Understand different parenting styles and how they affect sleep consulting.
Communicate effectively with parents who follow attachment parenting and those who reject it.
Handle challenging consultations with parents who believe they are “experts” in their child’s sleep.
Guide parents who rely heavily on helping their child fall asleep.
Offer realistic solutions to parents looking for “quick fixes”.
Address concerns about babies who seem to always be hungry.
Support working mothers and help with daycare-related sleep challenges.
Give parents the tools to solve sleep issues.

Prerequisites:

Students must have completed the following courses before enrolling in this course:

References:

Rosenberg, M. B., & Chopra, D. (2015). Nonviolent communication: a language of life: Life-Changing Tools for Healthy Relationships. PuddleDancer Press.

Boyatzis, R., Smith, M. L., & Van Oosten, E. (2019). Helping people change: Coaching with Compassion for Lifelong Learning and Growth. Harvard Business School Press.

Maxwell, J. C. (2010). Everyone communicates, few connect: What the Most Effective People Do Differently. HarperCollins Leadership.

Covey, S. R., & Merrill, R. R. (2008). The SPEED of trust: The One Thing That Changes Everything. Simon and Schuster.

Reynolds, M. (2020). Coach the person, not the problem: A Guide to Using Reflective Inquiry. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Stoltzfus, T. (2008). Coaching questions: A Coach’s Guide to Powerful Asking Skills. Pegasus Creative Arts.

Kimsey-House, H., Kimsey-House, K., Sandahl, P., Whitworth, L., & Phillips, A. (2018). Co-Active Coaching: The proven framework for transformative conversations at work and in life. Hachette UK.

Stanier, M. B. (2016b). The coaching habit: Say Less, Ask More & Change the Way You Lead Forever. Box of Crayons Press.

Arnold, D. S., O’Leary, S. G., Wolff, L. S., & Acker, M. M. (1993). The Parenting Scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 137–144. [APA]

Smetana JG. Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017 Jun;15:19-25. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012. Epub 2017 Feb 20. PMID: 28813261. [ScienceDirect]

Kuppens, S., Ceulemans, E. Parenting Styles: A Closer Look at a Well-Known Concept. J Child Fam Stud 28, 168–181 (2019). [Springer]

Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2005). The role of parenting styles in children’s problem behavior. Child development, 76(6), 1144-1159. [SRCD]

Sears, M., & Sears, W. (2014). The Attachment Parenting Book: A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby. Little Brown.

Doinita, N. E., & Maria, N. D. (2015). Attachment and parenting styles. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 203, 199-204. [ScienceDirect]

Bell, R., & Evershed, S. (2004). The management of difficult clients. Applying psychology to forensic practice, 82-96.

Norton, K., McGauley, K. N. G., & McGauley, G. (1997). Counselling difficult clients (Vol. 8). Sage.

Kottler, J. A. (1992). Compassionate therapy: Working with difficult clients. Jossey-Bass.

Barrett, L. F. (2017). How emotions are made: The Secret Life of the Brain. Pan Macmillan.

IMS907 The Business of Sleep Consulting. Marketing Strategies and Techniques

During this course students learn about:

What is marketing?
The Marketing Mix
The Strategic Marketing Planning Process
Marketing for child sleep consultants: How to reach and connect with parents
Pricing strategies that sell: A guide for sleep consultants
How to build a successful brand?
What is your value proposition?
Building a storybrand: Using the power of storytelling in marketing
How to position yourself as the go-to expert in your city?
Creating value through giving
Introduction to Digital Marketing
Get to know your ideal customer: A step-by-step guide to creating a buyer persona for child sleep consultants
Creating a winning social media strategy for child sleep consultants. The step-by-step guide
Making your website and social media stand out as a child sleep consultant
The science of selling: An ethical guide for harnessing the power of psychological triggers
Instagram proven growth strategies: 0 to 10K+ followers. Step-by-step guide for child sleep consultants
How to create a successful marketing strategy with 0 budget?
Building a stylish and successful website
Introduction to SEO. Rank your website higher on Google. Effective techniques that anyone can do.

Useful links

Our programs: https://iiisleep.com/how-it-works-become-child-sleep-consultant/
Admissions Process: https://iiisleep.com/admissions/
Frequently Asked Questions: https://iiisleep.com/frequently-asked-questions/
International Institute of Infant Sleep reviews: https://iiisleep.com/reviews-international-institute-of-infant-sleep/

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